BIAS AND LACK OF INDEPENDENCE
CHAPTER ELEVEN
11:1000 INTRODUCTION
11:1100 The Legal Foundation For Disqualification
11:1110 At Common Law
11:1120 The Charter and the Bill of Rights
11:1200 The Rationales for Disqualification
11:1210 Requirement of Neutrality
11:1220 Appearance of Neutrality
11:1221 Public Confidence in the Judicial System
11:1222 Avoiding An Inquiry into the State of a Judge’s Mind
11:1300 Proof of a “Reasonable Apprehension”
11:1310 The Evidentiary Threshold
11:1320 Evidence Cannot be Subjective
11:1330 The Evidentiary Record
11:1400 Exceptions to Disqualification: Waiver, Delay, and Necessity
11:1410 Waiver
11:1411 Adversarial Fairness
11:1412 Fairness Towards the Trial Judge
11:1420 Request for Recusal
11:1421 Ruling by Trial Judge
11:1422 Standard of Appellate Review
11:1430 Delay
11:1431 Generally
11:1432 Disqualification Precluded
11:1433 Disqualification not Precluded
11:1440 The Doctrine of Necessity
11:1450 Permissive Legislative Provisions
11:1500 The Remedy
11:1510 New Trial or Rehearing
11:1520 Costs
11:1521 Disqualification
11:1522 No Disqualification
11:2000 A FINANCIAL OR OTHER INTEREST IN THE DECISION
11:2100 No Disqualification
11:2200 Disqualification
11:3000 REASONABLE APPREHENSION OF BIAS
11:3100 Introduction
11:3200 The Test for Reasonable Apprehension of Bias
11:3300 Apprehension of Bias Arising from Relationships
11:3310 Generally
11:3320 Past Professional Relationships
11:3321 No Disqualification
11:3322 Disqualification
11:3330 Personal Relationships
11:3331 No Disqualification
11:3332 Disqualification
11:3340 Family Relationships
11:3341 No Disqualification
11:3342 Disqualification
11:3350 Hostile Relationship Between the Judge and Counsel
11:3351 No Disqualification
11:3352 Disqualification
11:3400 Apprehension of Partiality Arising from a Judge’s In-Court Comments
11:3410 Overview
11:3411 Innocent but Injudicious Comments
11:3412 Materiality and Correctness
11:3413 Appellate Courts
11:3420 Comments and Conduct Suggesting Prejudgement
11:3421 Disqualification
11:3422 No Disqualification
11:3430 Other Comments Made in the Course of a Trial
11:3431 No Disqualification
11:3432 Disqualification
11:3440 Intervention and Questioning Witnesses
11:3441 Disqualification
11:3442 No Disqualification
11:3450 Apprehension of Bias Arising from a Judge’s Out-of-Court Comments
11:3451 Disqualification
11:3452 No Disqualification
11:3500 Reasons for Decision
11:3510 Disqualification
11:3520 No Disqualification
11:3600 Evidentiary Rulings and Deciding a Prior Issue or Matter
11:3610 Evidentiary Rulings
11:3611 No Disqualification
11:3612 Disqualification
11:3620 Deciding Preliminary and Interlocutory Matters
11:3621 No Disqualification
11:3622 Disqualification
11:3630 Other Decisions Involving a Party
11:3631 No Disqualification
11:3632 Disqualification
11:3700 Ex Parte Contacts with a Party or its Counsel
11:3710 Disqualification
11:3711 No Disqualification
11:4000 JURORS
11:4100 Bias or Appearance of Bias in a Juror
11:4110 Disqualification
11:4120 No Disqualification
11:5000 JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE
11:5100 Overview
11:5110 Ensuring an Impartial Judiciary
11:5120 The Two Dimensions of Judicial Independence
11:5130 Financial Security, Tenure and Administrative Control
11:5140 Independence and the Appearance Thereof
11:5200 Security of Tenure
11:5210 Lack of Security of Tenure
11:5220 Adequate Security of Tenure
11:5300 Financial Security
11:5310 Lack of Financial Independence
11:5320 No Impairment of Financial Independence
11:5400 Institutional Independence
11:5410 Lack of Institutional Independence
11:5420 No Lack of Institutional Independence
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